indians :: essays research papers

James Luna, A Native American Man, is an insightful, cut the bullshit, ruling of the modern Indian culture. I identify with Lunas viewpoints as I bugger off seen many of the perspectives he describes with his art to be honest to life. I have spent a lot of time in Northern Canada fishing with my brother and father. The areas we visit are predominantly Indian reservations. Having spent quite a bit of time getting to know these types of towns and muckle, I have grown aware of some of the many problems that surround the modern day reservation lifestyle. It is true that most people have romantic and Disneyland-ish ideas about what it means to be a modern Indian, the most of which are complete fantasy. The reality behind the situation seems to be the exact opposite. The majority of reservation towns are dirty, poor, and run-down. Many of the people have alcoholic beverage and drug related problems starting at a puppyish age. At a quick drive through one might assume he was passing through another slum. There are no teepees, no headdresses, and no rituals. For the most part there is only poverty. Unless the town is lucky enough to have a casino, the majority of the people live calendar month to month on their reparation checks. This is where I believe, as do many of the Indians I have spoken to, the problem lies. The idea of reparations sounds good enough in theory. Pay people back for what was taken from them long ago. The long-term effects of reparations though tend to be devastating to the Indian culture. Why would giving people free money be harmful? Quite simply, handouts deprive people of pride, a sense of equality and belonging, and especi in ally motivation. The people I have talked to all claim the same thingChildren growing up know that they dont have to work if they dont want to. That tends to be the popular attitude of the reservation Indian. This also encourages what Luna calls, Wannabees, to try and get in on the action for a chunk of change. An d lets not forget the known tendencies toward alcohol and addiction that makes it even easier to drink and pass the time, rather than having to work and entrepreneur.

The Epic of Gilgamesh :: essays research papers

The Epic of GilgameshQuestions for Analysis 1-61. What was the Mesopotamian view of the afterlife?2. What is the message of Siduris advice to Gilgamesh?3. Consider Utnapishtims initial response to Gilgameshs re pick up for the secret of eternal life. How does his message complement what Siduri has said?4. Consider the story of Utnapishtim. What do the various actions of the gods and goddesses allow us to infer about how the Mesopotamians viewed their deities?5. match to the epic, what are the respective roles of the gods and humans? What do the Mesopotamian deities require of military man? What do humans expect of their gods?6. What wisdom has Gilgamesh gained from his epic struggles? How has he changed as result of his quest?1.The Mesopotamians viewed the afterlife as a place of darkness where there was no return when entered. It was ruled by the Queen of the Underworld, Ereshkigal, who was accompanied by her recorder, Belit-Sheri. From reading the poem, it was conceit of as a ba ron place where the dead wandered and little else existed. Those who were kings and high priests were now servants for the gods. Its definitely portrayed as a place one(a) wouldnt look forward to, and thats the dilemma that Gilgamesh contemplates.2.Siduris message to Gilgamesh is to enjoy the life he was given and the life he retained. His days on Earth should be spent eating, being merry, and take care of his child. Essentially, the main idea is that at some point the life of man comes to end and its in gods hands. 3.Utnapishtim complements Siduris message by giving analogies in regards to the fact that end is unexpected. Nothing is permanent or certain bar death. You could build a house thats believed to stand forever, but is it really true? Does an agreement hold for all time? These are the examples Utnapishtim gives. While death is certain, the time it occurs is not known by man.4.About religion in general, whenever man defies god, his existence, or his actions, its considere d to be an act of defiance and they are to cheek punishment. With this in my mind, we can infer that at a time where man was expanding in Mesopotamia, the belief in the gods and goddesses was declining. Thus, the punishment from the infuriated gods was to eliminate them all. 5.Mesopotamian deities required humanity to worship and praise them. Basically, they were to be their servants.

Iago’s Use of Tone and Simile to Deceive Othello in Shakespeare’s Othello :: Othello Essays

Iagos Use of Tone and Simile to Deceive Othello in Shakespeares OthelloThe greatest and best villains in literature are those who possess the capacity to manipulate others in order to further their own causes. In Othello, Iago has the insight and tact to manipulate the other characters, such as Cassio, Roderigo, Desdemona, and in this case, Othello. The methods by which Iago workings the other characters are varied, and one prime example of his cunning ability to manipulate can be seen in Act III.iii.333-450. In this passage Iago utilizes numerous rhetorical strategies to his advantage in particular he uses notation and simile. These rhetorical strategies are instrumental in the deception of Othello.Throughout this passage Iagos savour when he speaks is critical in his effort to make Othello do as planned. This tone is one of innocence and loyalty, and is used effectively to make Othello trust Iagos statements. Iago appears to be innocent in his reluctance to relate to Othello w hat he knows about Desdemona and Cassio, as seen on lines 373-380. In this particular passage Iago uses his tone to demonstrate how he did not want to make enemies by telling the truth. Consequently, Othello assumes that Iago is not a part of any scheme and therefore must be telling the truth. The tone of innocence and loyalty to Othello is one of the methods by which Iago successfully manipulates Othello.Not only does Iago utilize the rhetorical strategy of tone, he also employs similes to emphasize points. On lines 403-405, Iago uses seven-fold similes with the intent of deceiving Othello into thinking that Desdemona and Cassio had a promiscuous relationship. By give tongue to that they were as prime as goats and as hot as monkeys, Iago is almost directly saying that they are having wild sexual relations. Furthermore, by using these similes, Iago helps to confirm Othellos suspicion of Cassio and Desdemona, which was brought about by Iago in the first place. The use of similes is instrumental in Iagos manipulation of Othello as seen in this passage.

The Effect of Racism on the Self-Esteem of African Americans and the He

Throughout the past, scientists have attempted to explain the health disparity between African Americans and Whites. With the completion of the human genome project, it was shown that on that point is very little difference between different races on the genetic level. However, African Americans are twice as likely to die from cardiovascular complaint as their European counterpart, the question that has arisen is where do these differences stem from (Harell, Floyd, Daniels and Bell). Recently, scientists have begun to believe that racism could possibly explain these differences (Belgrave &Allison, 2010). Racism has been an issue for African Americans since the early age of slavery. Everywhere they go, they face a possibility of being treated differently because of their race. Within the past fifty years, the racism that African Americans faced has dropped, however it is liquid prevalent. According to Belgrave and Allison, racism is defined as the negative beliefs, actions , and emotions based on race although there are different types of racism, this definition gives a generalization on what racism is. It seems as though racism is the cause of many of the health problems that are faced by African Americans. Whether it is because African Americans generally do non receive the same health service as Whites or because direct racism causes higher blood pressure, racism has a negative health belief on African Americans (Belgrave &Allison, 2010). PurposeThe purpose of this experiment is to see whether racism has an effect on the self-esteem of African Americans and the health risks associated with racism, mainly high blood pressure. The independent variable is perception of racism and the dependent variables are the self... ...nd blood pressure. Racism is a problem facing many African Americans in the joined States. It is affecting both their self-esteem and health. Until they are given the help they need or racism dissipates from society, they will always have these problems. References Belgrave, A. Z., & Allison, K. W. (2010S).African american psychology, from africa to america. (2nd ed., pp. 96-112). Thousand Oaks, calcium Sage Publications, Inc.Fischer, A. R., & Shaw, C. (1999). African americans mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology,46(3), 395-407. Retrieved from psycnet.apa.org/journals/cou/46/3/395.htmlHarrell, C. P. J., Floyd, L. J., & Bell, S. R. Psychophysiological methods permit value to research within black psychology.

Floor Exercise :: Exercise Physiology

Floor ExerciseFloor exercise is a sequence of tumbles, leaps, and balances, which makea gymnastics performance. No equipment is used, only a mat and free space. Atcompetitions, judges look for good posture, proper technique, continuity, andvariety.Floor exercise builds confidence and character. Your self confidenceincreases as you learn body control. As you fetch involved you will gain selfdiscipline. You will learn valuable lessons about exercise, eating correctly,and getting the proper amount of rest, leading to a levelheaded and longer life.Competitive acrobatics have various levels at which people can participate andgain recognition for achievements. Most important, floor exercise is fun. to a greater extentchallenging the than other activities. Tumbling is considered the basis of allacrobatics. Although it is not one of the four Olympic competitive nonethelessts,tumbling is important because the skills you learn will answer you perform theother events. For example, the bas ic forward roll can also be performed on thebalance beam and in the floor exercise, and is important even when acquirement thevault and the uneven bars.The best way to learn floor exercise is through growths. Aprogression is a rate by step method of learning skills, beginning with the easyones and gradually mastering the more difficult ones. If you wanted to learn aforward somersault, you would not just head start out trying to do the somersault.Instead, you would learn a whole series of skills one by one, moving along tothe next one only afterward you mastered the first. It is important to be patientwhen learning floor exercises through progressions. Do not move on to the nextskill in the progression until you and your coach have determined that you areready. This method will allow you to learn a large number of skills while havingfun and developing confidence. If you get under ones skin a skill to be particularly difficultto learn, perhaps you are trying to take too big of a step, or too many, in yourprogression. Ask your coach for assistance. She or he can almost always give yousmaller steps that will help you reach your goal. In learning acrobatics or anyother sport it requires that you also learn the language of the sport. Thelanguage of acrobatics is quite complicated. For example, a forward roll is makeon the ground, but a forward somersault or salto is done in the air. Someonemight think that you have learned a reckon flip, but you will know that this isreally a salto.Floor exercise is fun and one of the best overall physical fitness

Floor Exercise :: Exercise Physiology

Floor ExerciseFloor exercise is a sequence of tumbles, leaps, and balances, which makea gymnastics performance. No equipment is used, yet a mat and open space. Atcompetitions, judges look for good posture, proper technique, continuity, andvariety.Floor exercise builds confidence and character. Your self confidenceincreases as you visit body control. As you become involved you will gain selfdiscipline. You will learn valuable lessons about exercise, eating correctly,and getting the proper measuring of rest, leading to a healthy and longer life.Competitive acrobatics devour various levels at which people can participate andgain recognition for achievements. some pregnant, floor exercise is fun. Morechallenging the than other activities. Tumbling is considered the basis of allacrobatics. Although it is not one of the four Olympic competitive events,tumbling is important because the skills you learn will garter you perform theother events. For example, the basic beforehand roll can also be performed on thebalance beam and in the floor exercise, and is important even when learning thevault and the uneven bars.The best way to learn floor exercise is through progressions. Aprogression is a step by step method of learning skills, beginning with the easyones and gradually mastering the more difficult ones. If you wanted to learn aforward somersault, you would not just start out trying to do the somersault.Instead, you would learn a whole series of skills one by one, moving along tothe close one only after you mastered the first. It is important to be patientwhen learning floor exercises through progressions. Do not move on to the adjoiningskill in the progression until you and your coach have determined that you areready. This method will allow you to learn a large number of skills term havingfun and developing confidence. If you find a skill to be particularly difficultto learn, perhaps you are trying to take too big of a step, or too many, in yourprogressi on. Ask your coach for assistance. She or he can almost always give yousmaller steps that will help you reach your goal. In learning acrobatics or anyother sport it requires that you also learn the language of the sport. Thelanguage of acrobatics is quite complicated. For example, a forward roll is doneon the ground, but a forward somersault or salto is done in the air. Someonemight think that you have learned a front flip, but you will know that this isreally a salto.Floor exercise is fun and one of the best overall corporal fitness

Marketing Case Study

CASE 4? 6 Making Soci tot each(prenominal)yy amenable and Ethical strategical decisions move a guild toward its stated goals and perceived success. Strategic decisions similarly re? ect the ? rms social business and the honorable values on which such decisions be made. They re? ect what is considered important and what a company sine qua nons to achieve. Mark Pastin, writing on the function of ethics in business brass instrument decisions, observes thither be fundamental principles, or understanding rules, by which organizations act. Like the ground rules of individuals, organizational ground rules determine which actions be possible for the organization and what the actions mean.Buried at a small(a)er displace the charts of organizational responsibility, the ar groundworke strategies, the crunched recites, and the political intrigue of e actually ? rm ar sound rules by which the game unfolds. The pursuit setuations re? ect distinguishable decisions made by mult inational ? rms and g overnments and withal re? ect the social responsibility and honest values underpinning the decisions. break surmount the following situations in the orbiculate hind end tradeplace carefully and assess the ground rules that draw and quarterd the decisions of ? rms and organisations.Marketing Decisions Selling tobacco to 3rd World Countries expanding market. As an example, Ind s jackfruitsias per cowlita fanny consumption quadrupled in less(prenominal) than go years. Increasingly, fanny announce on radio and television is being restricted in some countries, merely other means of promotion, peculiarly to young battalion, are non controlled. China, with more(prenominal) than 300 zillion roll of baccy plantrs, produces and consumes ab give away 1. 4 trillion fags per year, more than any other country in the existence. Estimates are that China has more smokers than the unify States has people.Just 1 percent time of that 1. 4 trillion cig arette market would increase a baccy plant companys overseas gross revenue by 15 percent and would be worth as much as $300 one one thousand thousand million million in added revenue. American cigarette companies afford verit up to(p) a warm welcome in Russia, where at least 50 percent of the people smoke. Consumers are hungry for most things Western, and baccy taxes are low. contradictory in the United States and other countries that limit or ban cigarette advertising, in that respect are few effective controls on baccy plant products in Russia.Russia, the globes fourth largest cigarette market, has proved to be an extremely pro? table territory for British American Tobacco ( clobber). BAT Russia, established in 1949, sold 65 one million million cigarettes in Russia in 2005, giving it almost one? fth of market share. EXPORTING U. S. CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION In the United States, 600 billion cigarettes are sold annually, but sales are shrinking rapidly. Unit sales adopt be en dropping well-nigh 1 to 2 percent a year, and sales have been down by almost 5 percent in the last six years. The U. S.Surgeon Generals advertize against fume, higher(prenominal) cigarette taxes, non- grass rules in public areas, and the concern Americans have about general health have led to the decline in baccy plant consumption. Faced with divers(a) class-action lawsuits, the success of states in winning lawsuits, and pending federal decree, tobacco companies have stepped up their international merchandise activities to maintain pro? ts. nevertheless though companies have agreed to sweeping restrictions in the United States on cigarette marketing and secondhand smoke and to bolder cancer-warning labels, they are ? hting as hard as ever in the trinity World to convince the media, the public, and policymakers that similar changes are not needed. In seminars at highlife resorts worldwide, tobacco companies invite journalists, all expenses paid, to expositicipate in pro grams that shimmer down the health risks of fume. It is hard to gauge the in? uence of such seminars, but in the Philippines, a government plan to constrain bullet by children was neutralize by a public relations campaign from cigarette companies to remove cancer awareness and prevention as a let out concern. A profligate in favor of the tobacco industrys point of see seemed to prevail. At a time when most industrialized countries are discouraging have, the tobacco industry is avidly courting consumers throughout the ontogeny world using catchy slogans, obvious image campaigns, and supers pitching-cigarette sales that ? t a hard-pressed customers budget. The reason is clear The Third World is an ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION In Gambia, smokers send in cigarette box top to qualify for a chance to win a refreshing car. In Argentina, locoweed commercials ? ll 20 percent of television advertising time.And in crowded African cities, billboards that link smoking to the unassa ilable life tower above the sweltering shantytowns. Such things as baby clothes with cigarette logos, health warnings printed in foreign languages, and tobaccosponsored contests for children are a lot have in tobacco ads in Third World countries. Latin American tobacco consumption rose by more than 24 percent over a ten-year period. Critics claim that sophisticated promotions in unsophisticated societies entice people who cannot afford the necessities of life to spend money on a luxuryand a dangerous one at that.The sophistication theme runs throughout the smoking ads. In Kinshasa, Zaire, billboards depict a man in a business suit stepping out of a black Mercedes as a chauffeur holds the door. In Nigeria, promotions for Graduate brand cigarettes show a university bookman in his cap and gown. Those for Gold Leaf cigarettes have a barrister in a white wig and the slogan, A very important cigarette for very important people. In Kenya, a magazine ad for Embassy cigarettes shows an el egant executive of? cer with troika young men and women equivalent to American yuppies.The most deplorable trend in developing countries is advertising that associates tobacco with American af? uence and culture. Some women in Africa, in their struggle for womens rights, de? antly smoke cigarettes as a emblem of freedom. Billboards all over Russia feature pictures of skyscrapers and white sandy beaches and slogans like Total Freedom or Rendezvous with America. They arent advertising foreign travel but American cigarette brands. Cases 4 Developing planetary Marketing Strategies Every cigarette manufacturer is in the image business, and tobacco companies say their promotional slant is both presumable and everyday.They point out that in the Third World a lot of people cannot understand what is written in the ads anyway, so the ads postal code in on the more understandable visual image. In most of the world, the Marlboro Man isnt just a symbol of the Wild West hes a symbol of the West. You cant convince people that all Americans dont smoke. In Africa, some of the most effective advertising includes images of af? uent white Americans with recognizable landmarks, such as the New York City skyline, in the background. In much of Africa, children as young as ? e are utilise to sell single cigarettes, affordable to other children, to support their own nicotine habits. Worldwide n aboriginal one-fourth of all teenage smokers smoke-dried their ? rst cigarette before they were 10 years old. The scene of promotional activity is enormous. In Kenya, a major tobacco company is the fourth-largest advertiser. Tobaccosponsored lotteries bolster sales in some countries by pass as prizes big-ticket(prenominal) dear(p)s that are beyond most peoples budgets. Gambia has a population of just 640,000, but a tobacco company draft attracted 1. million entries (each move in on a cigarette box top) when it raf? ed off a Renault car. Evidence is strong that the strategy of tobacco companies is to bum young people as a means of expanding market demand. Report afterward report reveals that adolescents receive cigarettes free as a means of promoting the product. For example, in Buenos Aires, a landrover decorated with the yellow Camel logo pulls up in front of a high civilize. The driver, a blond woman wearing khaki safari gear, begins handing out free cigarettes to 15- and 16-year-olds on lunch recess.Teens visiting MTVs Web sites in China, Germany, India, Poland, and Latin America were given the chance to click on a measure ad that led them to a questionnaire about their exposure to cigarette ads and other marketing tools in their countries. Some 10,000 teens responded to the banner ads. In the outgoing week, more than 62 percent of teenagers in these countries have been exposed to tobacco advertising in some form, the 17-year-old SWAT (Students Working against Tobacco) chairman told Reuters. The tobacco companies in condition(p) that marketing t o teens and kids worked in this country, but since they cant do it here anymore, theyve taken what they learned to other countries. At a video arcade in Taipei, free American cigarettes are strewn atop each game. As long as theyre here, I may as well try one, says a high school girl. In Malaysia, Gila-Gila, a comic book popular with elementary school students, carries a Lucky Strike ad. Attractive women in cow man out? ts on a regular basis meet teenagers going to rock concerts or discos in Budapest and hand them Marlboros.Those who accept a light on the spot in any case receive Marlboro sunglasses. accord to the American Lung Association Tobacco Policy Trend Alert, the tobacco industry is offering candy-? avored cigarettes in an attempt to continue to target teens. 1 denote and promotion of these products uses hip-hop imagery, attractive women, and other imagery to attract to youth in similar ways that Joe Camel did a decade ago. Marketing efforts for candy-? avored cigarette s came after the Master resolving Agreement prohibited tobacco companies from using cartoon characters to sell cigarettes.Researchers recently released the results of several surveys that showed that 20 percent of smokers ages 17 to 19 smoked ? avored cigarettes, term solitary(prenominal) 6 percent of smokers ages 17 to 20 did. In Russia, a U. S. cigarette company sponsors disco parties where thousands of young people dance to thriving music. Admission is the get of one pack of cigarettes. At other cigarettesponsored parties, attractive women give cigarettes away free. In many countries, foreign cigarettes have a locating image that also encourages smoking.A 26-year-old Chinese man says he switched from a domestic brand to Marlboro because You feel a higher social position when you smoke foreign cigarettes. weed is a sign of luxury in the Czech Republica as well as in Russia and other Eastern countries, says an executive of a Czech tobacco ? rm that has a joint venture with a U. S. company. If I can smoke Marlboro, then Im a well-to-do man. The global tobacco companies affirm that they are not attempting to recruit recent smokers. They say they are only trying to encourage smokers to switch to foreign brands. The same number of cigarettes are consumed whether American cigarettes or not, was the comment of one executive. Although cigarette companies deny they sell higher tar and nicotine cigarettes in the Third World, one British tobacco company does pretend that some of its brands sold in developing countries contain more tar and nicotine than those sold in the United States and Europe. A recent field of operation found three major U. S. brands with ? lters had 17 milligrams of tar in the United States, 22. 3 in Kenya, 29. 7 in Malaysia, and 31. 1 in South Africa. some other brand with ? ters had 19. 1 milligrams of tar in the United States, 28. 8 in South Africa, and 30. 9 in the Philippines. The ? rm says that Third World smokers are used to smok ing their own topically made product, which might have several times more tar and nicotine. Thus, the ? rm leaves the tar- and nicotine-level decisions to its foreign subsidiaries, who tailor their products to local tastes. C. Everett Koop, the retired U. S. Surgeon General, was quoted in a recent in placeigence information conference as saying, Companies claims that science cannot say with certainty that tobacco causes cancer were ? t-footed lies and that sending cigarettes to the Third World was the export of death, disease, and disability. An Oxford University epidemiologist has estimated that, because of increasing tobacco consumption in Asia, the annual worldwide death toll from tobaccorelated illnesses volition more than triple over the next two decades. Perhaps 100 million people died untimely during the 20th century as a result of tobacco, making it the get outing preventable cause of death and one of the top killers overall. agree to the World wellness Organization, ac h year smoking causes 4 million deaths globally, and it expects the annual toll to rise to 10 million in 2030. GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT Third World governments frequently stand to pro? t from tobacco sales. Brazil collects 75 percent of the retail price of cigarettes in taxes, some $100 million a month. The Bulgarian state-owned tobacco company, Bulgartabac, contributes almost $30 million in taxes to the government annually. Bulgartabac is a major exporter of cigarettes to Russia, exporting 40,000 tons of cigarettes annually. Tobacco is Zimbabwes largest immediate payment crop.One intelligence information report from a Zimbabwe newspaper reveals strong support for cigarette companies. Western anti-tobacco lobbies demonstrate unbelievable hypocrisy, notes one editorial. It is relatively easy to sit in chapiter or London and prattle on about the so-called evils of smoking, but they are far removed from the day-to-day grind of earning a living in the Third World. It goes on to comme nt that it doesnt dispute the fact that smoking is addictive or that it may cause diseases, but smoking does not of necessity lead to certain 1See From Joe Camel to Kauai KoladaThe Marketing of Candy-Flavored Cigarettes, http//lungusa. org. Part 6 Supplementary Material 350 million smokers, China has 50 million more cigarette buyers than the U. S. has people, according to Euromonitor. While smoking rates in developed countries have slowly declined, they have shot up dramatically in some developing counties where PMI is a major player. These include Pakistan (up 42 percent since 2001), Ukraine (up 36 percent), and Argentina (up 18 percent). death. Nor is it any more dangerous than other habits. Unfortunately, tobacco smoking has attracted the precaution of a particularly sanctimonious, meddling sector of society. They would do better to keep their opinions to themselves. Generally, smoking is not a big concern of governments chevy by debt, intimate con? ict, drought, or famine. It is truly tragic, but the worse famine flexs, the more people smokejust as with war, when people who are worried want to smoke. In any case, says one representative of an international tobacco company, People in developing countries dont have a long adequate life expectancy to worry about smoking-related problems.You cant turn to a guy who is going to die at age 40 and tell him that he might not live up to 2 years extra at age 70. As for promoting cigarettes in the Third World, If there is no ban on TV advertising, then you arent going to be an idiot and impose restrictions on yourself, says the representative, and likewise, if you get an order and you see that theyve got money, no one is going to turn down the business. Cigarette companies ? gure Chinas self-interest will preserve its industry.Tobacco permits huge revenues for Beijing because all tobacco moldiness be sold through the China National Tobacco Company monopoly. Duty on imported cigarettes is nearly 450 percent of their value. Consequently, tobacco is among the central governments biggest source of funding, accounting for more than $30 billion in income in 2005. China is also a major exporter of tobacco. ANTISMOKING PROMOTIONS Since the early 1990s, multinational tobacco companies have promoted youth smoking prevention programs as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility campaigns.The companies have partnered with third-party allies in Latin America, most notably nonpro? t educational organizations and education and health ministries to promote youth smoking prevention. Even though there is no evidence that these programs reduce smoking among youths, they have met the industrys goal of portraying the companies as concerned corporate citizens. In fact, a new occupy proves that youth smoking prevention ads created by the tobacco industry and aimed at parents actually increase the likelihood that teens will smoke.The study, Impact of Televised Tobacco patience Smoking Prevention Advert ising on offspring Smoking-Related Beliefs, Intentions and Behavior, published in the December 2006 issue of the American Journal of populace Health, sought to understand how the tobacco industry uses youth smoking prevention programs in Latin America. Tobacco industry documents, so-called social reports, media reports, and material provided by Latin American public health advocates were all analyzed. The study is the ? rst to examine the speci? c effect of tobacco company parent-focused advertising on youth.It found that ads that the industry claims are aimed at preventing youth from smoking actually provide no bene? t to youth. In fact, the ads that are created for parental audiences but also are seen by teens are associated with stronger intentions by teens to smoke in the future. Brazil has the worlds strictest governmental laws against smoking, consisting of highly visible antismoking campaigns, severe controls on advertising, and very high tax rates on smoking products. Desp ite these obstacles, the number of smokers in Brazil continues to grow. In 2006, there were approximately 44 million smokers in the country, up from 38 million in 1997.Factors driving this trend include the low price of cigarettes, which are among the lowest in the world the easy access to tobacco products and the actions taken by the powerful tobacco companies to slow down antismoking legislation in Brazil. revolve around ON DEVELOPING MARKETS Lawsuits, stringent legislation against advertising, laws restricting where people can smoke, and other antismoking efforts on the part of governments have caused tobacco companies to step forward their efforts in those markets where restrictions are fewer and governments more friendly.As part of a strategy to increase its sales in the developing world, Philip Morris International (PMI) was spun off from Philip Morris ground forces in 2008 to natural spring the threat of litigation and government regulation in the United States. The move frees the tobacco giants international operations of the jural and public-relations headaches in the United States that have hindered its growth. Its practices are no longer constrained by American public opinion, paving the way for broad product experimentation. A new product, Marlboro Intense, is plausibly to be part of an aggressive blitz of new smoking products PMI will roll out around the globe.The Marlboro Intense cigarette has been shrunk down by about a half inch and offers smokers seven potent puffs apiece, versus the average of eight or so milder draws. The judgement behind Intense is to appeal to customers who, due to indoor(prenominal) smoking bans, want to dash outside for a quick nicotine hit but dont always ? nish a life-sized cigarette. The CEO of PMI says there are possibly 50 markets that are interested in deploying Marlboro Intense. former(a) product innovations include sweet-smelling cigarettes that contain tobacco, cloves and ? voringwith twice the tar and nicotine levels of a conventional U. S. cigarette. Marlboro Mix 9, a high-nicotine, high-tar cigarette launched in Indonesia in 2007, and a clove-infused Mix 9 will be exported to other southeast Asiatic markets next. Another loop of the Marlboro brand, the Marlboro Filter Plus, is being sold in South Korea, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. It touts a special ? lter made of carbon, cellulose acetate, and a tobacco plug that the company claims lowers the tar level while giving smokers a smoother taste.One of PMIs immediate goals is to harness the huge potential of Chinas smoking population, as well as some of that countrys own brands, which it has agreed to market worldwide. With some ASSESSING THE ETHICS OF STRATEGIC DECISIONS Ethical decision making is not a simple right or wrong determination. Ethical ground rules are complex, tough to sort out and to prioritize, tough to articulate, and tough to use. The complexity of ethical decisions is compounded in the international sett ing, which comprises different cultures, different perspectives of right and wrong, different legal requirements, and different goals.Clearly, when U. S. companies conduct business in an international setting, the ground rules become further compound by the values, customs, traditions, ethics, and goals of the troops countries, which each have developed their own ground rules for conducting business. Three prominent American ethicists have developed a framework to view the ethical implications of strategic decisions by American Cases 4 Developing Global Marketing Strategies ? rms. They identify three ethical principles that can guide American managers in assessing the ethical implications of their decisions and the degree to which these decisions re? ct these ethical principles or ground rules. They suggest asking, Is the corporate strategy acceptable according to the following ethical ground rules? These questions can help uncover the ethical ground rules embedded in the tobacco consumption situation described in this case. These questions lead to an ethical psychoanalysis of the degree to which this strategy is bene? cial or harmful to the parties and, ultimately, whether it is a right or wrong strategy, or whether the consequences of this strategy are ethical or socially trusty for the parties regard.These ideas are incorporated in the decision tree in Exhibit 1. Principles Utilitarian ethics (Bentham, Smith) Question Does the corporate strategy optimise the common good or bene? ts of all constituencies? Does the corporate strategy respect the rights of the individuals involved? Does the corporate strategy respect the canons of justice or impartiality to all parties? Rights of the parties (Kant, Locke) Justice or fairness (Aristotle, Rawls) Exhibit 1 A Decision Tree for Incorporating Ethical and Social Responsibility Issues into Multinational Business DecisionsDoes the decision efficiently optimize the common good or benefits of THE BUSINESS FIRM? Stockholders Management Profits Growth new(prenominal) SOCIETY? Culture Order Justice The good life Other THE ECONOMY? THE INDIVIDUAL? Economic growth Freedom Allocation of resources Health and welfare Production and distribution Self-realization of goods and services gracious dignity Other Opportunity Other YES NO YES ar there critical factors that justify suboptimizing these goals and satisfactions? NO Does the decision respect the rights of individuals involved? YES NO baulk Decision YES Are there critical factors that justify the abrogation of a right? NO Does the corporate decision respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved? YES YES NO hold out Decision Are there critical factors that justify the violation of a canon of justice? NO stand Decision Reject Decision Part 6 Supplementary Material See www. who. int, the World Health Organizations Web site, for more details regarding the current tobacco controversy. See also www. getswat. com for a worldwi de student initiative against smoking.Laczniak and Naor discuss the complexity of international ethics or, more precisely, the ethical assumptions that underlie strategic decisions for multinationals. 2 They suggest that multinationals can develop consistency in their policies by using federal law as a baseline for stamp down behavior as well as respect for the host countrys general value structure. They conclude with four urgeations for multinationals 1. Expand codes of ethics to be worldwide in scope. 2. Expressly consider ethical issues when developing worldwide corporate strategies. . If the ? rm encounters major ethical dilemmas, consider withdrawal from the problem market. 4. Develop bimonthly ethics-impact statements, including impacts on host parties. 2 QUESTIONS 1. implement the model in Exhibit 1 as a guide and assess the ethical and social responsibility implications of the situations described. 2. Can you recommend alternative strategies or solutions to the dilemmas confronting the tobacco companies? To governments? What is the price of ethical behavior? 3. Should the U. S. government support U. S. tobacco company interests abroad? . Should a company be compel to stop marketing a product that is not illegal, such as cigarettes? Gene R. Laczniak and Jacob Naor, Global Ethics Wrestling with the Corporate Conscience, Business, July folk 1985. Sources Smoke all over the Horizon U. S. Gains in Tobacco Control Are Being Offset Internationally, The Washington Post, July 23, 2006 Death and Taxes England Has Become the Latest in a Series of Countries to balloting for Restrictions on Smoking in Public Places, Financial Management (UK), April 1, 2006 Trick or Treat?Tobacco Industry Prevention Ads get dressedt foster Curb Youth Smoking, PR Newswire, October 31, 2006 China Exclusive China, With One Third of Worlds Smokers, Promises a Non-Smoking Olympics, Xinhua News Agency, May 29, 2006 Tobacco Consumption and Motives for Use in Mexican University Stu dents, Adolescence, June 22, 2006 A Change in the Air Smoking Bans Gain Momentum Worldwide, Environmental Health Perspectives, August 1, 2007 Adams wint propel the BAT Habit The Head of British American Tobacco Is Stoical About the Looming Ban on Smoking in Public Spaces BAT will Adapt, The Sunday Telegraph London, June 10, 2007 Heart Disease, Stroke Plague Third World, Associated call forth (Online), April 4, 2006 Get a Detailed Picture of the Tobacco Industry in Brazil, M2 Press Wire, December 20, 2007 Vanessa OConnell, Philip Morris Readies Global Tobacco Blitz Division Spin-off Enables Aggressive Product Push High-Tar Smokes in Asia, The contend Street Journal, January 29, 2008 The Global Tobacco Threat, The New York Times, February 19, 2008 How to Save a Billion Lives Smoking, The Economist (London,) February 9, 2008 Whether Here or There, Cigarettes Still Kill People, The Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2008.Marketing Case Study1. When 7-UP introduced itself into the soft drink industry, they were generally thought of by consumers as a company that produced a clear soft drink for mixing dry beverages. subsequently conducting lengthened research, 7-UP found that colas were the best-selling category in the soft drink industry. 7-UP then repositioned itself in the market by introducing the slogan, 7-UP, the uncola. This repositioning allowed them to take third place in the market, after Coca Cola and Pepsi, and also allowed for growth and gains over competitors in the lemon-lime category of soft drinks. In addition, 7-UP differentiates itself from other soft drink manufacturers in several ways. Within the lemon-lime category, 7-UP has introduced a new tagline, all things in green bottles are not the same. This tagline is meant to differentiate 7-UP from Sprite and sierra Mist. Two other new taglines will include for less sweet, syrupy taste, the only way to go is Up and When you add it all up, the only way to go is Up (Wikipedia).2. 7-UP was able to change consumer behavior by using psychology and working with the concept that everyone wants to be an individual. When introducing the uncola tagline, 7-UP based this introduction on consumer research. Purchasing and consuming Coke and Pepsi were part of going along with the group since many people were purchasing those products at the time. Introducing 7-UP as the uncola brought to mind a sense of individuality for consumers. The 7-UP marketing executives put the idea in their heads that purchasing and consuming 7-UP products would make them stand out from the crowd. 7-UP has continued this tradition of changing consumer behavior since that time.The company hopes to change consumer behavior in the 21st century by introducing a product called 7-UP Plus. This product will create a whole new category within the soft drink industry, as it is going to be sold as a soft drink with added nutritional value. Again, 7-UP is basing the introduction of this product on consumer trends and re search. Due to the obesity epidemic in America, combined with raised health awareness on the part of many men and women, 7-UP will be introducing this reduced sugar product with added vitamins and minerals. Introducing this product shows that 7-UP is on top of trends in consumer spending and, by introducing this product, the executives may be able to change consumer behavior from purchasing sugar-laden soft drinks with empty calories to purchasing a less sweetened product with vitamins and minerals that are needed to fuel the human body (Dillon).3. Like any company, 7-UP has had many successes and failures throughout its history. In the initial stages of the company, there were 600 lemon-lime beverages competing for market share with 7-UP. 7-UP was able to survive and rise to the top of the market by successfully becoming one of the first lemon-lime soft drinks to be nationally distributed. 7-UP also floundered in the soft drink market due to poor marketing. Originally, the soft dri nk was a means of calming children with upset stomachs. Later, it became a mixer for alcoholic beverages. Because 7-UP was thought of as a bartending mixer and not an individual beverage, sales were mostly due to people intending to mix the 7-UP with a type of alcoholic beverage.7-UP conducted extensive research and found that cola drinks were the best-selling soft drink in the industry. However, these cola drinks contained a considerable amount of caffeine. After careful consideration, they introduced the slogan, 7-UP, the uncola. This slogan appealed to consumers because it carried a sense of individualism and it also appealed to those who were health-conscious and knew the effects of too much caffeine. This was one of 7-UPs great successes. Another failure by 7-UP was the introduction of 7-UP Gold. 7-UP Gold was designed as a spiced version of 7-UP, similar in taste to the ginger ale soft drink. Although it was widely marketed and advertised, the product was never a hit and was d iscontinued.Another successful marketing campaign capitalized on the principles of Zen. A television commercial featured a Zen master asking disciples to correctly choose. The 7-UP symbolized light and consciousness while the cola featured in the commercial symbolized darkness. With that commercial, 7-UP made consumers think they were making a good life choice by purchasing and consuming 7-UP. Another failure in 7-UPs history is its poor bottling and distribution structure. When 7-UP was first introduced, it had little competition because Coca Cola and Pepsi did not manufacture lemon-lime soft drinks. This changed when Coca Cola introduced Sprite and Pepsi introduced Sierra Mist. Bottlers were then forced by these respective companies to discontinue bottling 7-UP and exclusively bottle their products. Unfortunately, this had led to an inability for 7-UP to be widely distributed to smaller stores. As a result, 7-UP can often only be found in large stores or chains (Wikipedia).4. 7-UP s marketing strategy has been successful in many ways. With the introduction of new taglines and slogans, 7-UP has been successful at positioning themselves in consumers minds and increasing market share in the soft drink industry. 7-UPs marketing strategy has also been successful because marketing executives have capitalized on consumer trends throughout the history of the company.In the 1970s, the company seized upon the fact that the popular cola drinks had high levels of caffeine and redesigned their advertising to reflect the healthier choice that 7-UP was. In addition, they appealed to the consumers sense of wanting to be an individual and introduced advertisements geared toward that concept. With the invention of new technology, 7-UP has also gained a presence on the World Wide Web with a well-designed web site that gives important information about the company and its products (Wikipedia).Marketing Case StudyCASE 4? 6 Making Socially Responsible and Ethical Strategic decisio ns move a company toward its stated goals and perceived success. Strategic decisions also re? ect the ? rms social responsibility and the ethical values on which such decisions are made. They re? ect what is considered important and what a company wants to achieve. Mark Pastin, writing on the function of ethics in business decisions, observes There are fundamental principles, or ground rules, by which organizations act. Like the ground rules of individuals, organizational ground rules determine which actions are possible for the organization and what the actions mean.Buried beneath the charts of organizational responsibility, the arcane strategies, the crunched numbers, and the political intrigue of every ? rm are sound rules by which the game unfolds. The following situations re? ect different decisions made by multinational ? rms and governments and also re? ect the social responsibility and ethical values underpinning the decisions. Study the following situations in the global ci garette marketplace carefully and assess the ground rules that guided the decisions of ? rms and governments.Marketing Decisions Selling Tobacco to Third World Countries expanding market. As an example, Indonesias per capita cigarette consumption quadrupled in less than ten years. Increasingly, cigarette advertising on radio and television is being restricted in some countries, but other means of promotion, especially to young people, are not controlled. China, with more than 300 million smokers, produces and consumes about 1. 4 trillion cigarettes per year, more than any other country in the world. Estimates are that China has more smokers than the United States has people.Just 1 percent of that 1. 4 trillion cigarette market would increase a tobacco companys overseas sales by 15 percent and would be worth as much as $300 million in added revenue. American cigarette companies have received a warm welcome in Russia, where at least 50 percent of the people smoke. Consumers are hungry for most things Western, and tobacco taxes are low. Unlike in the United States and other countries that limit or ban cigarette advertising, there are few effective controls on tobacco products in Russia.Russia, the worlds fourth largest cigarette market, has proved to be an extremely pro? table territory for British American Tobacco (BAT). BAT Russia, established in 1949, sold 65 billion cigarettes in Russia in 2005, giving it almost one? fth of market share. EXPORTING U. S. CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION In the United States, 600 billion cigarettes are sold annually, but sales are shrinking rapidly. Unit sales have been dropping about 1 to 2 percent a year, and sales have been down by almost 5 percent in the last six years. The U. S.Surgeon Generals campaign against smoking, higher cigarette taxes, non-smoking rules in public areas, and the concern Americans have about general health have led to the decline in tobacco consumption. Faced with various class-action lawsuits, the success of s tates in winning lawsuits, and pending federal legislation, tobacco companies have stepped up their international marketing activities to maintain pro? ts. Even though companies have agreed to sweeping restrictions in the United States on cigarette marketing and secondhand smoke and to bolder cancer-warning labels, they are ? hting as hard as ever in the Third World to convince the media, the public, and policymakers that similar changes are not needed. In seminars at luxury resorts worldwide, tobacco companies invite journalists, all expenses paid, to get in in programs that play down the health risks of smoking. It is hard to gauge the in? uence of such seminars, but in the Philippines, a government plan to reduce smoking by children was neutralized by a public relations campaign from cigarette companies to remove cancer awareness and prevention as a key concern. A slant in favor of the tobacco industrys point of view seemed to prevail. At a time when most industrialized countrie s are discouraging smoking, the tobacco industry is avidly courting consumers throughout the developing world using catchy slogans, obvious image campaigns, and single-cigarette sales that ? t a hard-pressed customers budget. The reason is clear The Third World is an ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION In Gambia, smokers send in cigarette box tops to qualify for a chance to win a new car. In Argentina, smoking commercials ? ll 20 percent of television advertising time.And in crowded African cities, billboards that link smoking to the good life tower above the sweltering shantytowns. Such things as baby clothes with cigarette logos, health warnings printed in foreign languages, and tobaccosponsored contests for children are often featured in tobacco ads in Third World countries. Latin American tobacco consumption rose by more than 24 percent over a ten-year period. Critics claim that sophisticated promotions in unsophisticated societies entice people who cannot afford the necessities of life t o spend money on a luxuryand a dangerous one at that.The sophistication theme runs throughout the smoking ads. In Kinshasa, Zaire, billboards depict a man in a business suit stepping out of a black Mercedes as a chauffeur holds the door. In Nigeria, promotions for Graduate brand cigarettes show a university student in his cap and gown. Those for Gold Leaf cigarettes have a barrister in a white wig and the slogan, A very important cigarette for very important people. In Kenya, a magazine ad for Embassy cigarettes shows an elegant executive of? cer with three young men and women equivalent to American yuppies.The most disturbing trend in developing countries is advertising that associates tobacco with American af? uence and culture. Some women in Africa, in their struggle for womens rights, de? antly smoke cigarettes as a symbol of freedom. Billboards all over Russia feature pictures of skyscrapers and white sandy beaches and slogans like Total Freedom or Rendezvous with America. Th ey arent advertising foreign travel but American cigarette brands. Cases 4 Developing Global Marketing Strategies Every cigarette manufacturer is in the image business, and tobacco companies say their promotional slant is both reasonable and common.They point out that in the Third World a lot of people cannot understand what is written in the ads anyway, so the ads zero in on the more understandable visual image. In most of the world, the Marlboro Man isnt just a symbol of the Wild West hes a symbol of the West. You cant convince people that all Americans dont smoke. In Africa, some of the most effective advertising includes images of af? uent white Americans with recognizable landmarks, such as the New York City skyline, in the background. In much of Africa, children as young as ? e are used to sell single cigarettes, affordable to other children, to support their own nicotine habits. Worldwide nearly one-fourth of all teenage smokers smoked their ? rst cigarette before they were 10 years old. The scope of promotional activity is enormous. In Kenya, a major tobacco company is the fourth-largest advertiser. Tobaccosponsored lotteries bolster sales in some countries by offering as prizes expensive goods that are beyond most peoples budgets. Gambia has a population of just 640,000, but a tobacco company lottery attracted 1. million entries (each sent in on a cigarette box top) when it raf? ed off a Renault car. Evidence is strong that the strategy of tobacco companies is to target young people as a means of expanding market demand. Report after report reveals that adolescents receive cigarettes free as a means of promoting the product. For example, in Buenos Aires, a Jeep decorated with the yellow Camel logo pulls up in front of a high school. The driver, a blond woman wearing khaki safari gear, begins handing out free cigarettes to 15- and 16-year-olds on lunch recess.Teens visiting MTVs Web sites in China, Germany, India, Poland, and Latin America were given the chance to click on a banner ad that led them to a questionnaire about their exposure to cigarette ads and other marketing tools in their countries. Some 10,000 teens responded to the banner ads. In the past week, more than 62 percent of teenagers in these countries have been exposed to tobacco advertising in some form, the 17-year-old SWAT (Students Working against Tobacco) chairman told Reuters. The tobacco companies learned that marketing to teens and kids worked in this country, but since they cant do it here anymore, theyve taken what they learned to other countries. At a video arcade in Taipei, free American cigarettes are strewn atop each game. As long as theyre here, I may as well try one, says a high school girl. In Malaysia, Gila-Gila, a comic book popular with elementary school students, carries a Lucky Strike ad. Attractive women in cowboy out? ts regularly meet teenagers going to rock concerts or discos in Budapest and hand them Marlboros.Those who accept a light o n the spot also receive Marlboro sunglasses. According to the American Lung Association Tobacco Policy Trend Alert, the tobacco industry is offering candy-? avored cigarettes in an attempt to continue to target teens. 1 Advertising and promotion of these products uses hip-hop imagery, attractive women, and other imagery to appeal to youth in similar ways that Joe Camel did a decade ago. Marketing efforts for candy-? avored cigarettes came after the Master Settlement Agreement prohibited tobacco companies from using cartoon characters to sell cigarettes.Researchers recently released the results of several surveys that showed that 20 percent of smokers ages 17 to 19 smoked ? avored cigarettes, while only 6 percent of smokers ages 17 to 20 did. In Russia, a U. S. cigarette company sponsors disco parties where thousands of young people dance to booming music. Admission is the purchase of one pack of cigarettes. At other cigarettesponsored parties, attractive women give cigarettes away f ree. In many countries, foreign cigarettes have a status image that also encourages smoking.A 26-year-old Chinese man says he switched from a domestic brand to Marlboro because You feel a higher social position when you smoke foreign cigarettes. Smoking is a sign of luxury in the Czech Republica as well as in Russia and other Eastern countries, says an executive of a Czech tobacco ? rm that has a joint venture with a U. S. company. If I can smoke Marlboro, then Im a well-to-do man. The global tobacco companies insist that they are not attempting to recruit new smokers. They say they are only trying to encourage smokers to switch to foreign brands. The same number of cigarettes are consumed whether American cigarettes or not, was the comment of one executive. Although cigarette companies deny they sell higher tar and nicotine cigarettes in the Third World, one British tobacco company does concede that some of its brands sold in developing countries contain more tar and nicotine than those sold in the United States and Europe. A recent study found three major U. S. brands with ? lters had 17 milligrams of tar in the United States, 22. 3 in Kenya, 29. 7 in Malaysia, and 31. 1 in South Africa. Another brand with ? ters had 19. 1 milligrams of tar in the United States, 28. 8 in South Africa, and 30. 9 in the Philippines. The ? rm says that Third World smokers are used to smoking their own locally made product, which might have several times more tar and nicotine. Thus, the ? rm leaves the tar- and nicotine-level decisions to its foreign subsidiaries, who tailor their products to local tastes. C. Everett Koop, the retired U. S. Surgeon General, was quoted in a recent news conference as saying, Companies claims that science cannot say with certainty that tobacco causes cancer were ? t-footed lies and that sending cigarettes to the Third World was the export of death, disease, and disability. An Oxford University epidemiologist has estimated that, because of increas ing tobacco consumption in Asia, the annual worldwide death toll from tobaccorelated illnesses will more than triple over the next two decades. Perhaps 100 million people died prematurely during the 20th century as a result of tobacco, making it the leading preventable cause of death and one of the top killers overall. According to the World Health Organization, ach year smoking causes 4 million deaths globally, and it expects the annual toll to rise to 10 million in 2030. GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT Third World governments often stand to pro? t from tobacco sales. Brazil collects 75 percent of the retail price of cigarettes in taxes, some $100 million a month. The Bulgarian state-owned tobacco company, Bulgartabac, contributes almost $30 million in taxes to the government annually. Bulgartabac is a major exporter of cigarettes to Russia, exporting 40,000 tons of cigarettes annually. Tobacco is Zimbabwes largest cash crop.One news report from a Zimbabwe newspaper reveals strong support f or cigarette companies. Western anti-tobacco lobbies demonstrate unbelievable hypocrisy, notes one editorial. It is relatively easy to sit in Washington or London and prattle on about the so-called evils of smoking, but they are far removed from the day-to-day grind of earning a living in the Third World. It goes on to comment that it doesnt dispute the fact that smoking is addictive or that it may cause diseases, but smoking does not necessarily lead to certain 1See From Joe Camel to Kauai KoladaThe Marketing of Candy-Flavored Cigarettes, http//lungusa. org. Part 6 Supplementary Material 350 million smokers, China has 50 million more cigarette buyers than the U. S. has people, according to Euromonitor. While smoking rates in developed countries have slowly declined, they have shot up dramatically in some developing counties where PMI is a major player. These include Pakistan (up 42 percent since 2001), Ukraine (up 36 percent), and Argentina (up 18 percent). death. Nor is it any mo re dangerous than other habits. Unfortunately, tobacco smoking has attracted the attention of a particularly sanctimonious, meddling sector of society. They would do better to keep their opinions to themselves. Generally, smoking is not a big concern of governments beset by debt, internal con? ict, drought, or famine. It is truly tragic, but the worse famine becomes, the more people smokejust as with war, when people who are worried want to smoke. In any case, says one representative of an international tobacco company, People in developing countries dont have a long enough life expectancy to worry about smoking-related problems.You cant turn to a guy who is going to die at age 40 and tell him that he might not live up to 2 years extra at age 70. As for promoting cigarettes in the Third World, If there is no ban on TV advertising, then you arent going to be an idiot and impose restrictions on yourself, says the representative, and likewise, if you get an order and you know that th eyve got money, no one is going to turn down the business. Cigarette companies ? gure Chinas self-interest will preserve its industry.Tobacco provides huge revenues for Beijing because all tobacco must be sold through the China National Tobacco Company monopoly. Duty on imported cigarettes is nearly 450 percent of their value. Consequently, tobacco is among the central governments biggest source of funding, accounting for more than $30 billion in income in 2005. China is also a major exporter of tobacco. ANTISMOKING PROMOTIONS Since the early 1990s, multinational tobacco companies have promoted youth smoking prevention programs as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility campaigns.The companies have partnered with third-party allies in Latin America, most notably nonpro? t educational organizations and education and health ministries to promote youth smoking prevention. Even though there is no evidence that these programs reduce smoking among youths, they have met the industry s goal of portraying the companies as concerned corporate citizens. In fact, a new study proves that youth smoking prevention ads created by the tobacco industry and aimed at parents actually increase the likelihood that teens will smoke.The study, Impact of Televised Tobacco Industry Smoking Prevention Advertising on Youth Smoking-Related Beliefs, Intentions and Behavior, published in the December 2006 issue of the American Journal of Public Health, sought to understand how the tobacco industry uses youth smoking prevention programs in Latin America. Tobacco industry documents, so-called social reports, media reports, and material provided by Latin American public health advocates were all analyzed. The study is the ? rst to examine the speci? c effect of tobacco company parent-focused advertising on youth.It found that ads that the industry claims are aimed at preventing youth from smoking actually provide no bene? t to youth. In fact, the ads that are created for parental audienc es but also are seen by teens are associated with stronger intentions by teens to smoke in the future. Brazil has the worlds strictest governmental laws against smoking, consisting of highly visible antismoking campaigns, severe controls on advertising, and very high tax rates on smoking products. Despite these obstacles, the number of smokers in Brazil continues to grow. In 2006, there were approximately 44 million smokers in the country, up from 38 million in 1997.Factors driving this trend include the low price of cigarettes, which are among the lowest in the world the easy access to tobacco products and the actions taken by the powerful tobacco companies to slow down antismoking legislation in Brazil. FOCUS ON DEVELOPING MARKETS Lawsuits, stringent legislation against advertising, laws restricting where people can smoke, and other antismoking efforts on the part of governments have caused tobacco companies to intensify their efforts in those markets where restrictions are fewer and governments more friendly.As part of a strategy to increase its sales in the developing world, Philip Morris International (PMI) was spun off from Philip Morris USA in 2008 to escape the threat of litigation and government regulation in the United States. The move frees the tobacco giants international operations of the legal and public-relations headaches in the United States that have hindered its growth. Its practices are no longer constrained by American public opinion, paving the way for broad product experimentation. A new product, Marlboro Intense, is likely to be part of an aggressive blitz of new smoking products PMI will roll out around the globe.The Marlboro Intense cigarette has been shrunk down by about a half inch and offers smokers seven potent puffs apiece, versus the average of eight or so milder draws. The idea behind Intense is to appeal to customers who, due to indoor smoking bans, want to dash outside for a quick nicotine hit but dont always ? nish a full-si ze cigarette. The CEO of PMI says there are possibly 50 markets that are interested in deploying Marlboro Intense. Other product innovations include sweet-smelling cigarettes that contain tobacco, cloves and ? voringwith twice the tar and nicotine levels of a conventional U. S. cigarette. Marlboro Mix 9, a high-nicotine, high-tar cigarette launched in Indonesia in 2007, and a clove-infused Mix 9 will be exported to other southeast Asian markets next. Another iteration of the Marlboro brand, the Marlboro Filter Plus, is being sold in South Korea, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. It touts a special ? lter made of carbon, cellulose acetate, and a tobacco plug that the company claims lowers the tar level while giving smokers a smoother taste.One of PMIs immediate goals is to harness the huge potential of Chinas smoking population, as well as some of that countrys own brands, which it has agreed to market worldwide. With some ASSESSING THE ETHICS OF STRATEGIC DECISIONS Ethical decision making is not a simplistic right or wrong determination. Ethical ground rules are complex, tough to sort out and to prioritize, tough to articulate, and tough to use. The complexity of ethical decisions is compounded in the international setting, which comprises different cultures, different perspectives of right and wrong, different legal requirements, and different goals.Clearly, when U. S. companies conduct business in an international setting, the ground rules become further complicated by the values, customs, traditions, ethics, and goals of the host countries, which each have developed their own ground rules for conducting business. Three prominent American ethicists have developed a framework to view the ethical implications of strategic decisions by American Cases 4 Developing Global Marketing Strategies ? rms. They identify three ethical principles that can guide American managers in assessing the ethical implications of their decisions and the degree to which these decisio ns re? ct these ethical principles or ground rules. They suggest asking, Is the corporate strategy acceptable according to the following ethical ground rules? These questions can help uncover the ethical ground rules embedded in the tobacco consumption situation described in this case. These questions lead to an ethical analysis of the degree to which this strategy is bene? cial or harmful to the parties and, ultimately, whether it is a right or wrong strategy, or whether the consequences of this strategy are ethical or socially responsible for the parties involved.These ideas are incorporated in the decision tree in Exhibit 1. Principles Utilitarian ethics (Bentham, Smith) Question Does the corporate strategy optimize the common good or bene? ts of all constituencies? Does the corporate strategy respect the rights of the individuals involved? Does the corporate strategy respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties? Rights of the parties (Kant, Locke) Justice or fairnes s (Aristotle, Rawls) Exhibit 1 A Decision Tree for Incorporating Ethical and Social Responsibility Issues into Multinational Business DecisionsDoes the decision efficiently optimize the common good or benefits of THE BUSINESS FIRM? Stockholders Management Profits Growth Other SOCIETY? Culture Order Justice The good life Other THE ECONOMY? THE INDIVIDUAL? Economic growth Freedom Allocation of resources Health and welfare Production and distribution Self-realization of goods and services Human dignity Other Opportunity Other YES NO YES Are there critical factors that justify suboptimizing these goals and satisfactions? NO Does the decision respect the rights of individuals involved? YES NOReject Decision YES Are there critical factors that justify the abrogation of a right? NO Does the corporate decision respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved? YES YES NO Reject Decision Are there critical factors that justify the violation of a canon of justice? NO Accept De cision Reject Decision Part 6 Supplementary Material See www. who. int, the World Health Organizations Web site, for more details regarding the current tobacco controversy. See also www. getswat. com for a worldwide student initiative against smoking.Laczniak and Naor discuss the complexity of international ethics or, more precisely, the ethical assumptions that underlie strategic decisions for multinationals. 2 They suggest that multinationals can develop consistency in their policies by using federal law as a baseline for appropriate behavior as well as respect for the host countrys general value structure. They conclude with four recommendations for multinationals 1. Expand codes of ethics to be worldwide in scope. 2. Expressly consider ethical issues when developing worldwide corporate strategies. . If the ? rm encounters major ethical dilemmas, consider withdrawal from the problem market. 4. Develop periodic ethics-impact statements, including impacts on host parties. 2 QUESTIO NS 1. Use the model in Exhibit 1 as a guide and assess the ethical and social responsibility implications of the situations described. 2. Can you recommend alternative strategies or solutions to the dilemmas confronting the tobacco companies? To governments? What is the price of ethical behavior? 3. Should the U. S. government support U. S. tobacco company interests abroad? . Should a company be forced to stop marketing a product that is not illegal, such as cigarettes? Gene R. Laczniak and Jacob Naor, Global Ethics Wrestling with the Corporate Conscience, Business, JulySeptember 1985. Sources Smoke Over the Horizon U. S. Gains in Tobacco Control Are Being Offset Internationally, The Washington Post, July 23, 2006 Death and Taxes England Has Become the Latest in a Series of Countries to Vote for Restrictions on Smoking in Public Places, Financial Management (UK), April 1, 2006 Trick or Treat?Tobacco Industry Prevention Ads Dont Help Curb Youth Smoking, PR Newswire, October 31, 2006 China Exclusive China, With One Third of Worlds Smokers, Promises a Non-Smoking Olympics, Xinhua News Agency, May 29, 2006 Tobacco Consumption and Motives for Use in Mexican University Students, Adolescence, June 22, 2006 A Change in the Air Smoking Bans Gain Momentum Worldwide, Environmental Health Perspectives, August 1, 2007 Adams Wont Kick the BAT Habit The Head of British American Tobacco Is Stoical About the Looming Ban on Smoking in Public Spaces BAT will Adapt, The Sunday Telegraph London, June 10, 2007 Heart Disease, Stroke Plague Third World, Associated Press (Online), April 4, 2006 Get a Detailed Picture of the Tobacco Industry in Brazil, M2 Press Wire, December 20, 2007 Vanessa OConnell, Philip Morris Readies Global Tobacco Blitz Division Spin-off Enables Aggressive Product Push High-Tar Smokes in Asia, The Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2008 The Global Tobacco Threat, The New York Times, February 19, 2008 How to Save a Billion Lives Smoking, The Economist (London,) Fe bruary 9, 2008 Whether Here or There, Cigarettes Still Kill People, The Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2008.

Moot Court Outline

General Outline of a Moot Court Argument unveiling May it please the court, my name is _____ and I represent the Petitioner/ answering __(name)___. REBUTTAL REQUEST & PROCEDURAL BLURB (for Petitioner ONLY) With the courts permission, I would exchangeable to reserve 2 minutes for rebuttal. Thank you. This case is on appeal from the District/Circuit Court (name of court). The District/Circuit Court denied Petitioners request for _____, holding _____. ROADMAP Your honors, _______ is a violation of international law and we ask that you ________ for (the following) two/three reasons 1.First, substantive legal argument strongest point 2. Second substantive legal argument 3. And Third, as a matter of public policy OR as public policy dictates, policy argument ARGUMENT 1. With respect to the first point your honors . . . OR First, . . . CONCLUSION Since first point, second point, and deuce-ace point, Petitioner/Respondent respectfully requests that this Court finds ____ a violation of in ternational law. Thank you. REBUTTAL (for Petitioner ONLY) Respondent made one/two point(s) that I would like to address. (First) Respondent declared that . . However, . . . OR Respondent contends that _____. However, . . . MISCELLANEOUS SUGGESTIONS For Rebuttal o Attack misstatements and glossed-over weaknesses. o Address concerns of the court. o One to two points most important point first. If you on the face of it and/or materially misspeak, say rather, ____ OR pardon me your honors, what I mean to say is ____ and correct yourself. If you are really hard-pressed for a transition, say, which brings me to my second/third point and find a way to fit what you were talking about into that point. If you are going to quote a case, drop the case language lineal into your outline and KNOW the pin cite. If you arent sure what the judge is asking, seek clarification. o This can also be used as a stall tactic if you are unsure how to answer the question. o Say something like, Your hon or, I want to make certain I understand your question, would you mind regarding-phrasing? DONT o Say, I dont know in response to a question. ? If you dont know the answer, say something more like, Your honor, I am unable to fully answer your question at this time.However, I would be more than happy to submit a supplemental brief on the curve/matter/case. o Smile or laugh or otherwise lose composure during argument (unless the judges are smiling and laughing and you bump it would be inappropriate to NOT smile and laugh). o Take a pen up to the podium. DO o Outline your argument ? Try to shorten your argument to 2-3 pages. ? Use headings and sub-heading. Bold, capitalize, etc. for ease of reference. ? Use a manila folder to organize your arguments. Take nothing but that manila folder up to the podium. Listen carefully to opposing counsels arguments and the judges questions. ? Take verbatim notes of both. Quote and/or directly address if appropriate. o Know, in plead of the ar gument, which points you are willing to concede (if any). o Preface your answers with the following ? Yes your honor, however . . . ? No your honor. Be cautious using this one it can appear less-than deferential. ? I (respectfully) disagree with your honors characterization/construction of . . . o Have your introduction, procedural blurb, roadmap, and conclusion memorized.

How to Survive a Zombie Apocalypse

How to survive a zombie spirit apocalypse Zombies, do they exist? bum there be actual zombies roaming around on the streets, ready to make any atomic number 53 and everyone who comes in sight a zombie? Well, Hollywood thinks so. The reason Im basing this theory of push aside zombies be real or the fact that zombies can one day roam amongst us (eventually destroying man pleasant), is because they argon the biggest influence in our lives. Dont believe me? Then I come close the long list of zombie mental pictures might help you change your perspective.Their ideology of assuring us into believing that the concept of zombies or zombie apocalypse is real is quite a believ able. And movies like Resident Evil, Dawn of the Dead, and 28 Days Later atomic number 18 perfect examples of such an event. Each of these movies has groups of people who are trying to get to a invulnerable place, away from all these zombies. But there isnt any guide or rules that they can follow while theyre on t his road to freedom. Its just one step at a time (and some of them get eaten in the process as well). So, there should be a guide which tells them how to survive if such an apocalypse ever occurred.In order to get infected by a zombie, you need to be bitten, or bite one of them, although I redeem no idea why you would ever deprivation to. The saliva and blood of a zombie have the potential to infect a person and eventually yield them, so keep your mouth shut if youre the stupid one using a chainsaw. To be honest I prefer a good over-the-hill fashioned flamethrower to burn those zombies where they die hard. How about an idea perhaps someone can read this article (a movie director) and magically keeps a few copies of it in the movie for the actors to find. Alright, alright, that was non a good joke.So allows move past that and get a bit serious. But before we do get to the specific rules to keep yourself safe from a zombie apocalypse, Id like to divert your attention to yet an other movie, Zombieland (by the way, I think its one of the best zombie movies of all time), Its funny, intelligently made, and the cat is small, but perfect. If you have seen the movie, then youll find some of those rules implemented here as well. And if you didnt get the opportunity to watch this classic movie, then may I suggest, occupy do so. And with that small note, we willing proceed towards our golden rules to survive a zombie apocalypse.What is a zombie? There are multiple definitions of the record zombie. The dictionary defines zombie as an animated corpse that feeds on living flesh. Other sources define zombie as One who moves or acts as if in a daze or a member of Congress or a Voodoo snake god. While snake gods are interesting, this how-to article will deal with single the first and second definitions of zombie. While Chavs were once thought to be zombies it has been recently proven that it is not the case. It would be an insult to zombies if they were even cont emplated to be in the same category as Chavs.Such contemplators were subsequently eaten. Types of zombies There are twelve types of zombies. They will be listed with a little fact about them 1. emcee zombies are dangerous to combat effectively. They require much more potent weaponry to approach with confidence, but are easier to flee and avoid. 2. Grue Zombies, grues who have (somehow) died and became zombies. There is really no way to despatch grue zombies unless you have Chuck Norris or can successfully pull off the shoop da whoop. 3. Camper zombies, zombies who hide and wait for prey, are the other common type.Campers hide in darkened corridors, side rooms, and even in the drywall. They prefer to wait for their prey to come near and then infract out and seize the victim. 4. Fast Zombies are some of your to the highest degree dreaded enemies when facing legions of the undead. Fast Zombies can vary in more ways, but the main(prenominal) item is that their entire physique (i. e . rotting of fat, skin, veins, and organs. ) is morphed to allow them to strike fast. The majority of fast zombies have been found to have been overzealous gym instructors and annoying co-workers who wont let go of the Can do attitude even post-mortem. 5.Elvis Impersonator Zombies These are usually the rarest, if not the most entertaining variety of undead you may encounter. They can be easily identified by their signature hairdo, glittery suits, and trademark lurching walk which they plagiarized from Elvis. This isnt really even a walk, since they dont really get anywhere. 6. When you know a Smart Zombie is around, the best thing you can do is avoid him at all costs. Smart Zombies have the ability to set up and carry out plans. 7. Sewer Zombies like to spend all their time in sewers and in drain areas, they are afraid of start out so taking a flashlight is a good idea.A better idea is to just avoid sewers. 8. Lady Zombies are exactly what they sound like. both necrophilias nig htmare, they are girl zombies. But surprisingly, theyre not that different from the live ones, they still moan and groan about the men never taking them anywhere. 9. The Zombie.. Chuck Norris , this is the most dangerous zombie ever. Some of the zombie abilities he is theorized to possess include infecting people by burping on them fare cellular regeneration (means he cant be killed. Ever. ) 10. Animal Zombies Depend on your luck. A zombie snail is most common but theyre totally harmless.Other kind of animal zombies do exist. Some of these are dog zombies. If a zombie gets to be this big, then its lethal. However, since much of its muscle has degraded by then, it wont be able to catch you. (THANK GOD ) If a CHEETAH zombie attacks you, even without its degraded muscle, then youre screwed. 11. Peanut zombies A. K. A. The Terrors of the junkyard, these vermicious brutes wander the junkyards, in poorly built helies, or compulsive guns. Avoid these brutes they have a leader, Project 29 5. He has two dual glocks, and is not afraid to use it. beware the ultimate ability. 12.Ninja/Samurai/Genghis Khan Zombies Once feared and regard warriors of Japan the zombie infection has made them some of the most terrifying zombies to invade your country. All have high level martial arts skills and requires complete weapon tactics to wipe out if using hand-to-hand combat, the chances are you will not survive. Certain firearms to have Everybody needs a weapon so here are the top ten 1. Chainsaw- Most of all Resident Evil or horror films and countless Hollywood scenes show the awesome power of the chainsaw. As cool as it is though, it ranks very low on the practical zombie-killing weapon list. . Lawn Mower- All the same problems as Chainsaw, with even greater problems. You know how ticklish one of those things are to lift, let alone to a position that the blades can even do their work. Also, it is not made to be lifted up into the air, so even if you can lift the mower, it will not stay up there for long. It might of looked cool in Brain Dead, it will never work. 3. Slingshot- It wouldnt be the wisest of choices. Using it against a zombie will only alert it to your presence, stupid. Unless you throw a bomb with it. 4. Edged Weapons- Imagine using a sword to kill a crowd of zombies nd you stab some zombie through the skull in the brain. Now imagine you turn to the zombie behind you to do the same, only to realize that its stuck on the first zombie that you stabbed and you cant seem to get it back. not a pretty picture, is it? So use one without a serrate edge. Unless you are a skilled fencer, this is an inadvisable choice. 5. Rubber Ducky- . not sure if that is the best idea, but just remember its your funeral JOINING THE LEGIONS OF THE UNDEAD. So if you REALLY necessity to use it and see what happens, by all means go ahead (dumbass).If you are dumb smart enough to do this, make sure you have a friend tape it and stick it up on YouTube, you will get more hits than Achmed the Dead Terrorist, easy. 6. Mop If there are no other blunt weapons available, you can always run to that janitorial closet(provided you didnt stuff zombies in there earlier) and take out a Long, Wooden, MOP Only to be used against 5-6 zombies, otherwise the long and heavy mop may sort of, backfire on you. 7. Weed Whacker- Insert into the mouth and let the fun begin (not usable for groups, will become the zombies fun) 8.Large Minigun will kill a lot of zombies, and is fun Though whoever is using it will die just as his buddies got to relative safety. 9. scattergun The second best weapon for zombies, there buck shots will blow off the heads of several zombies, the person who is carrying a shotgun will survive most zombie outbreaks. 10. Pistol short range, small clip, small bullet, only use on small groups, otherwise you are dead (or undead). Guide on survive a Zombie Apocalypse If we happen to be caught up in the world-ending zombie plague, then it wouldnt hurt fo r us all to have a real how-to list with us, right?There can be tons of rules to survive a zombie apocalypse as every one of us has a different way to tackling situations. And since Ive never been in this type of position before (thank God), I will be listing rules that I feel are ideal. So here are my top rules on how to survive a zombie apocalypse. 1. Run 2. Run even faster 3. Run faster than that guy neighboring to you 4. Trip the guy next to you 5. Dont let the spazzy woman try and get her dog back 6. Shoot people randomly 7. Drive to Alaska (Zombies will check into corpsicles, delicious AND nutritious , but get there fast, the roads will be too congested and if youre too slow Itll only be a tasty flesh bottleneck 8. Go out to sea (zombies cant swim, but its fun to see them try. WarningPeanut Zombies know how to swim, so run) 9. consecrate Ms. Barbra, the old lady across the street (no one liked her anyways. ) 10. Dont fall asleep in the open 11. If surrounded, just distract them with a classy dance (Warning May cause Zombification, Death, Death, and more Death. ) 12. Always find the nearest gun and ammo Shop, and always trade at least a 10,12, or 20 gauge shotguns, one hit kills 13.Notice that we said trade. Not even think about break into the shop, the shop keeper is always good with gun and you wont stand a chance. Hell, hes most likely the boss in that area with several goons, each carries gun bigger than yours. 14. Dont, for even one second think that you are safe. 15. You need 1 shot in their heads to kill them. So keep a few shotguns with you. 16. If youre in the manse, board up the windows and doors properly. 17. Fill as many containers as you possibly can with water. 18. Keep food supplies and other essentials. 19.Along with guns, gather anything that can smash skulls keep them handy. 20. Find a safe place for you, your friends, and family members. 21. earlier sunset, find a secured location to sleep. 22. Always keep your travel bags light less weight to carry means more easily to flee. 23. Do not harbor people who have been attacked or bitten by zombies. 24. Always wear comfortable clothing. Avoid movie-like wardrobe. 25. Wear as many layers as you can reasonably get away with. Have a trusted friend try to bite or claw their way through your wardrobe to test material strengths ahead of time. 6. We do want to survive so ladies no high heels, and fellas no saggin pants. 27. Have a first aid kit with you in the house and in your getaway car. 28. While traveling, DO NOT go in the woods or lonely areas. 29. If youre trying to stop the zombies from entering in the building, please dont try to hold the door. 30. Dont go anywhere alone. Follow the buddy system. But if youre the only human left, then I guess youre on your own. 31. Learn the zombie dance from Thriller. Because what if the zombies dance? And what is the difference between surviving and not dancing with them? 2. Guys we know you want to impress your girl, but please follow rule 33. If you want to impress her just keep her safe and stay alive yourself. 33. And our final golden rule DONT BE A HERO AND GO OUT IN SEARCH OF ZOMBIES TO KILL. Zombies are slow who drag their feet as they walk. As theyve lost control over their brain or the brain doesnt function properly, they are not very intelligent. But you are. So take necessary precautions before you go out there and try really hard to make it. Living in an undead world can be tough. So perhaps these rules can make existing less scary.

Buying decision process for a house Essay

The consumer decision making process involves following five stages 1. business recognition2. Information search3. Evaluation of alternatives4. Purchase decision5. Post-purchase behaviorProblem recognition With my shifting from India, for the purpose of studies and being with my son and daughter-in-law, and also imminent birth of my grandkid, the present rented apartment of two bed room is likely to be too congested for all of us. This factor along with betterment of my sons financial affordability to own a house, led us to conclude that we required a bigger independent, single family house in a good neighborhood.Information search a. Search for good neighborhood criteria towns having good schools in the region of dental business of son. Search based on the opinion of friends and relatives (personal) and online search (commercial). b. Having finalized a few towns, other search criteria for searching appropriate house were use which included size of the house, condition of house and age of the house, and budget, in the selected towns. Again the sources of information were real estate websites, such as Zillow, leading to brokers (one of them was selected based on reviews of his/her services) and independent search. Having failed to locate existing house of our choice, we started looking for another option.c. The next option was constructing a house in a selected locality through a builder contractor. The contractor was again finalized on the basis of online reviews regarding contractors quality of construction and fairness in dealings. The contractor suggested a few sites (consideration set). unrivalled of them was selected (decision stage) on the basis of location, vastu shashtra, the science of architecture and construction. d. Next stage was selection of type and design of house based on the availability of funds. For funds banks were approached for pre-approval, agree to our need. Having decided the budget for the house, contractors proposals for few designs and facilities in the proposed house (consideration set) were examined.Evaluation and alternatives This stage was used three times in the process 1. When already constructed houses were considered, evaluations of different houses shown by the agent led to rejection of all the proposals. 2. Evaluation of various sites, led to selection of one of the sites based on vastu shashtra (beliefs) and location. 3. Evaluation of various designs proposed by the builder contractor, led to selection of a design depending on our budget, facilities, and requirements/expectations.Purchase decision The final selection (purchase decision) was made on the factors listed above as healthful as on the opinion of the family, through joint consultations. Bank loan approvals, on the basis of design, estimate submitted by the contractor and credit history of the borrower, were obtained. The contractor started construction with necessary inputs from us from time to time as the construction progressed. Post-purchase use We are delighted at the pace of construction, timely completion and quality. We press the contractor to our friends. The various stages of purchase decisions were used in various sub-purchases, such as kitchen appliances, kitchen cabinets and countertops, electric fixtures, tiles and carpets, sprinkler system, etc.

Racism Essay

Today Racism is so common that it has finally been recognized as an issue, however it hasnt always been like this. In the past there has been count less characterizations of racism. Racism buttocks be defined as racial discrimination over skin color, ethnic understate and race, or a belief that some races are by nature superior. History is like a giant mirror, it made up of thousands of pieces that creates the whole. It reflects what we do, When the European settlers came to pairing America, they came with a promise of peace, yet beat soon revealed differently.They took the children of the inhabitants (like the Indians and natives) and disordered them from their family and people. They were beaten and punished like dogs when they showed signs of their culture ( voice communication) and were harassed (raped). They were looked down for their ethnic backgrounds, skin color, language and traditions. We can write a Custom Research Paper on Racism for you Its hard to believe that thi ngs could get any worse as time went by, but it did. In the 1900 African Americans were looked as servants maids factory workers and other low class jobs. This continued for awhile and became o big that it was finally recognized.This was when the African Americans were separated from the whites, in school, work places and society. They did non have the same rights as the whites did. In Canada natives werent given any rights to vote until not long ago. However this act was not the worse image reflected upon by history. The holocaust was an event that began with a single persons hatred for the Jews that erupted into a conflict, which involved the world. This person of course was Adolf Hitler, and the conflict, which involved the world, was initiation War II. Hitler was a man who took the word racism to the ultimate level both metaphorically and literally.He believed that the Arians were superior to not only the Jews but excessively the rest of the world. He even consider those with the same skin colour and similar cultured background to be less superior, so this means that he is racist to even those that are similar to him. This wasnt the worse part however Hitler soon turned his attention to the literal meaning of racism and dealt with it in a dreadful way. He killed the Jews, thousands upon thousands in concentration camps, or even in their homes. They didnt kill for money or land, but for reasons based on racism.This was the Holocaust and throughout history this act of racism killed the most and is looked at even today, with terror. To me Racism is something I was not exposed to much because it has gotten a little better today, but it is still out there all around us, this urge which makes us feel higher when compared to others just because of the simple differences. Racism is something that can never end, its like a cycle when one act is finished (African Americans is looked at as equals with the whites) another will start, but we have to try. Racism is not needed, therefore it must stop.

What is the best advice you have ever received?

Everything happens for a reason and this I can prove by looking back at previous experiences which made vital contributions to my privateity. My crap is (insert name of student here) and I am aiming for a good position in your thinkable university as a student majoring in Industrial Engineering. My individualal and academic experiences made me realize the importance of taking up another level of this knit stitch since I can seek for broader opportunities in the future. I came from china and graduated there with a degree in Electrical Engineering and upon graduation, I still long for more knowledge relating to this field.I was too unlogical at that time of changing my c areer path since I am also fascinated in studying Industrial Engineering. I seek for a friends advice and his name is (try to insert a friends name here) and I was able to get the best advice that made a lot of difference in my life. My friend told me that I should go out of the country and try studying in the United States where they give the best quality of education. My friend gave me a life changing advice since he convinced me to step out of my homeland so I can make my dreams come true of taking up a different field of Engineering.I felt really blessed and relieved since I got the necessary support from my family who agreed to my decision of furthering my education abroad. I started to notice the advice given by my friend by having the necessary courage and never be intimidated by the fact that I depart be in a contrasted land. I utilized most of his words of wisdom by trying to seek for more details regarding the said country and seek for a credible institution that go out help me fulfill my career. I am now in the point of my life were bravery and confidence is at its best.I will never loose hope and I will maintain my optimistic attitude especially when it comes to my future career. Taking the stand and going to the United States is and so a worthy advice given by my friend. I am looking forward to spending my educational days at (insert name of university here) and learning more about Industrial Engineering. I believe that this University is capable of producing excellent Industrial Engineers in the future. I anticipate my future with success.Impossible is nothing for a person who shows dedication and passion for success. I will never be this confident if not by the help of my friend. He brings out the best in me by means of his encouraging words. I will follow what he told me because I know that it will make a difference in my career path. At the same time, choosing to study at (insert name of university here), will make all my dreams come true since I will be taking up a major in a university that recruits only the best and finest students.In addition there are wide array of academic resources on this university along with professors who are experts in the field of Industrial Engineering. Now is the right time for me to make all my dreams into reali ty. I am an optimistic person and considers problems as important factors that will make me a person stronger that before and well prepared for tomorrow. I will not let my friend down and I will follow what he told me when it comes to taking up the field of Engineering that I love most.

Human Resource Management in a business is extremely important Essay

Human Resource instruction in a practicement is extremely important. Good Human Resource Management can assistance make a successful business as it can help note the employees happy and satisfied.In the lei certain and deflection industry high quality tender resource management is vital as the service delivered by the organisations be on a person to person basis. S o the business is going to need the objurgate people with the right skills and attitude, and also need the right managers to motivate and train staff to do well in their jobs.Human Resource Management basic onlyy means the organisation of people in a club, and can also be defined by the tasks, which managers undertake in the area, such as recruitment, planning and communication with the toyforce and dealing with any problems that whitethorn arise with the employees.The key qualities that the employees should hold in are that they should be well enough prepare and self-confident enough to communicate with cus tomers. Most large companies organise their staff into teams or separate departments, with a head or manager of section in charge.In large organisations the role of the manager is to be largely obligated for the deployment and development of employees, a duty that can represent a substantial ch allenge and needs its own eccentric person of training. The manager needs to be handy in appraising staff, motivating individuals or teams in applying employment legislation correctly.The roles of the Human Resource Manager in different sized organisations differ a mount. A manager in a large business would be a trained specialist and would know how to motivate his staff a lot more effectively, as he can concentrate solely on his employees. Where as a manager in a smaller business has the meet amount of responsibility, besides this will be added to the responsibility for marketing strategies, financial decisions, stock control and many a(prenominal) other jobs to do, perhaps for fewer staff but none the less a complex range of roles to perform. here at error correction code we have a very good Human Resource Management department that motivates the staff very well and is extremely organised, we aim to make sure that our employees are happy and that there is a hail-fellow atmosphere apparent for the customers to feel welcome.External and Internal Influences that affect Human Resource PlanningMany large and medium sized businesses today have a staff office department. Its main role will be to manage the firms human resources. These are the employees or personnel in a business that help it to achieve its objectives. They might include production workers, office staff, members of the marketing team, accountants or cleaners.Human Resource Planning is the method by which a business forecasts how many and what type of employees it needs at present and in the future. It also involves matching up the right type of employees to the needs of the business. A business wil l work out its labour requirements, its take away, and make sure that an appropriate supply is demanded.There are many remote and internecine influences that can affect the success of the human resource management team and its planning for the short and long term. The difference between these influences from the point of view of Human Resource Planning (HRP) is that outdoor(a) is outside the immediate control of organisations, where as internal are more within control of organisations and can be more responsive to good HRP.The external factors can be simplified to the mnemonic PESTLE. These factors affect any leisure and recreation organisation. Each letter influences a business in different ways. semipoliticalEconomicSocialTechnological legalEnvironmentalPoliticalThis is concerned with how political developments, regionally, nationally and internationally might affect a leisure and recreation businesses strategy and objectives. A change of goernment might affect a Leisure and R ecreation furnishr such as our company ECC be parkway they whitethorn introduce new policies or taxes that would mean our business may have to have to present more direct tax and would consequently mean that our company would have less capital to spend on improving the business, or increasing employees wages.Political Instability could also occur in the United Kingdom. This could cause unrest within a country and could reduce the amount of people visiting your organisation. Here at ECC we may be affected, as there is a possibility of war with Iraq, which would mean people wouldnt visit the UK or the USA as the countries could be destructed by a war. That means we wouldnt have a business, as we would not get any customers visiting our restaurants so we would end up bust.EconomicThis incorporates* Government constitution Monetary Policy and Interest Rates* Economic Variables Inflation and Unemployment Levels.The Monetary Policy is used to manage the level of demand in the economy with a particular focus on controlling the property supply. Monetary Policy can be used to* Expand the economy by allowing more money to circulate and affix spending.* Control spending and restricts increases in money flowing around the economy which may transmit to price rises.The government has used a variety of methods in the past to control the money supply. One is by changing the Interest Rates. Interest Rates is the rate of which businesses and people have to pay back money on loans and on there credit cards. The Monetary Policy meet to determine how much money they want circulating in the UK economy so that it can affect the money supply and ostentation.An increase in Interest Rates can reduce the money supply. If interest rates increases, the rate of acceptance rises. That can affect leisure organisations such as ECC a great deal because if we want to expand and develop more restaurants in the UK past that would cost us more money to take out a loan, as the banks wou ld charge us more interest. So because we may have to up our prices and pass on the increase of interest to our customers, which would then decrease the demand of our products, and may go to competitors such as McDonalds or Burger King.The level of inflation is when prices are rising (the rate of inflation) this also has an effect on consumer spending tending to slow down due to the high prices. Due to the loss of demand it has a knock on effect upon suppliers, who pass the increased fixed costs to companies such as ECC. That means that we would have to pay more for all our raw materials such as our nutriment and cooking and cleaning goods and then that means increased prices. Our Human Resource Management department would be set up as that means we wouldnt be able to increase the wages of the employees like they may want, as we cant afford the rise in inflation, which could lead to de- motivation in our staff and the possibility of employees leaving.Unemployment levels at a high level, generally means the UK population as a whole has less money to spend on leisure and recreation activities, and instead spend the money on essential goods. When employment levels are high the population feel confident and have more disposable income to spend on luxury goods or on leisure activities. That could influence our HRP in two ways. Either by having a lot of people spending a lot in our restaurant as they have more money, which means we could afford to give our employees pay rise. Which then would make our staff more motivated and then work more efficiently and produce a better service to customers. And the opposite effect world less demand from customers and then less profit, and we would have to reduce prices to increase demand. By doing that the staff would not get any more money and release more de- motivated.SocialThe factors include Consumer Trends, which are the trends of the UK population. If the economy is experiencing an upturn in demand that means a compa ny such as ourselves that means we would have to employ more staff as the increase in demand needs more staff to cope with the queues and maintain our service standard of fast, quality food to our customers. So we would employ part time staff so they can be flexible and if the demand decreases then we could not use them or pay them as much.Our HRP may need to be modified if there is a sudden demographic change to our customer base. There is an increase in the blue-eyed(a) market in the United Kingdom these are the over 50s so that means we may employ more over 50 staff to appeal to the grey market as they generally have higher disposable incomes and more free time to come to our restaurant. So that could be something for our HRP to decide on, so we can provide a service to a wider market and then increase our profits.TechnologicalWe should improve our technology in ECC by maybe having to introduce online booking at our restaurants to keep up with the ongoing advances in technology and make our company have an advantage over our competitors. It would need high levels of investment, and increasing amounts of customers means ECC would have to employ more staff and also have to pay more on training the staff to be suitably equipped to deal with the new technology which would then mean having to pay out more for the wages of the employees.LegalLegal factors could include new health and safety legislation, such as tighter fire precautions, which would mean that our employees would have to go away to an external environment to be trained correctly to make sure ECC cant be sued due to staff not being trained in health and safety.EnvironmentalHere at ECC we make sure there are no reasons why we as a company arent being environmentally friendly and then we arent subject to pressure groups demonstrating against the business, which then would lead to a loss of profit, as demand would decrease because of protestors against us.There are also internal factors that can affec t businesses HRP.Structure and Ownership can lead to good and bad HRP. ECC being a large hierarchical organisation has many staff on many levels need a carefully researched human resource plan, which we have to avoid poor communication between restaurants. We make sure each manager of each restaurant across the world takes into account there employees opinions to make our company better as they are the experts in their job. That is all to increase the profits of the business and make it more efficient.The Size and Location can also affect a company and its HRP. We deliver one type of service, so all staff everywhere can be trained to the same standard across the organisation so we achieve the same results and provide the same great service. The location of the business can also be key, because if it is located in the countryside instead of the town centre where we locate our restaurants then we wouldnt appeal to such a wide market and then not get as much profit, which would lead to less money being plant towards our employees who are vital.