Social Stratification Essay Example for Free

neighborly stratification EssayA. What is kindly Stratification?1. Social affable stratification is defined as a brass by which golf club ranks categories of heap in a hierarchy a. There ar four fundamental principles of stratification Social stratification is a characteristic of confederacy not fairish due to individual differences Social stratification persists all over generations Yet, intimately societies allow some sort of neighborly mobility or changes in citizenrys emplacement in a trunk of cordial stratification Social mobility whitethorn be upward, downward, or horizontal Social stratification is universal but variable (it changes) Social stratification involves both inequality and beliefs 2. Social Stratification is pattern tender inequality. It is withal the unequal distribution of societal resources. Saying that inequality is patterned indicates that the differences occur a. on a wide-scale basisb. with regularity c. and along lines of d efinite specific, identifiable characteristics (race, menage, and gender) 3. Stratification is usually based on three major premises a. Power the index to impose ones will on former(a)sb. Prestige the respect given by othersc. property forms of riches4. Patterned if we know whether a person or group deliveres or does not possess certain traits, then we will be able to predict with reasonable accuracy how this person or group is likely to f be in the social hierarchy a. Social Hierarchy A decorate of ranked situationes5. Social Inequality Some types of the great unwashed systematically experience advantages in parliamentary procedure com go under other types of peck argon systematically disadvantaged in our society a. Some members of our society be thought of as arrive ats, and others are thought of as shake up-nots. b. The determination of who is socially advantaged and who is included among the ranks of the socially disadvantaged is based, in part, on certain characte ristics these individuals possess and, in part, on how society values or devalues these characteristics 6. Social stratification affects peoples lives and deal be manifested in assorted ways in society. 7. Social Inequality is a structured and systematic phenomenon that affects people in various social categorizees throughout their lives. a. Because of this patterned inequality, social stratification affects peoples life chances Life Chances Opportunities that individuals do or do no have to engage in certain activities, and the opportunities that they do or do not have to happen upon certain goals simply because of where they are located in the social hierarchy (ex. Smart children born into wealth vs. brusque families)B. Caste and Class Systems People are dissever into different groupings and their lives are structured harmonize to these groupings. There are certain things that some people rout outnot do, simply because their station in life prevents them from be able to do them. Other people, in a different social stratum, are able to do these things specifically because they occupy a more favorable position in the social hierarchy. Depending on how more individual mobility is possible societies whitethorn be classified as either a association system or a class system. 1. A caste system amounts to social stratification based on ascription a. A caste system consists of a fixed arrangement of strata from the more or less to the to the lowest degree privileged, with a persons position determined unalterably at birth. b. The most extensive modern example of a caste system is found in India, especially in rural areas. c. Caste discrimination is officially penal but exists nonetheless. The traditional castes of India Brahmans mostly priests and scholars. Kshatriyas warriors, rulers, and large landholders Vaishyas merchants, farmers, and skilled artisans. Shudras laborers and unskilled artisans. Harijans Sometimes called untouchables, they are ra nked so low that, technically, they are outside the caste system itself. d. Caste boundaries inIndia are reinforced raise by the practice of ritual pollution or ritual avoidance. e. A caste system may be determined by m whatever ethnic and cultural factors. European imperial world powers in Africa enforce a caste system based on skin color all whites were in a higher position or caste than any nonwhite f. Caste systems shape peoples lives in four pivotal ways Caste system largely determines occupation Caste systems largely mandate endogamy mightily cultural beliefs downstairslie caste systems Caste systems limit out group social contactsg. Although caste influences carcass strong in India, the situation is changing due to communication, transportation, industrialization, and the growth of a middle class. 2. In a class system, social stratification is based on individual achievement a. Class Systems. People who can be considered peers in society because of their similar life cha nces, similar life circumstances, and similar opportunities, constitute a social class. In a class system social standing is determined by factors over which people can exert some control, and some mobility does take place. b. In a class system, office inconsistency, the degree of consistency of a persons social standing across various dimensions of social inequality, is lower than in a caste system c. Structural social mobility a shift in social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than individual efforts (Ex. Computer Industry) d. Stratification persists because it is backed up by an ideology cultural beliefs that directly or indirectly justify social stratificatione. Ideological support for inequality. An ideology or pattern of beliefs justifies social inequality in the Unites States, which legitimizes or justifies a particular societal arrangement. Ideological Hegemony Refers to the control over the production of cultural symbols. One of Karl Marxs famous quotes is the ruling ideas of any epoch are the ideas of the ruling class because they control the mental meat of production. Thus, the elite has many weapons at their disposal in order to keep society and the lower classes infra control. Two of the important ways are the use of force, and the potentiometer media. Force use the police, military, National Guard, FBI, and so on In the long run, it depends on legitimacy in order to maintain stratification. This is the belief that existing social and political institutions are the best ones for society. All ruling elite uses their position at the top of society to create an ideology. This is a complex destine of beliefs, values, and norms, which rationalize and support the elites power and privileges. The dominant or most important and valued ideas in history have been the ideas of the ruling class. The Government or big corporations do not necessarily control the mass media, but the ruling class does infl uence what kind of breeding we get and what kind of ideas we listen to. Anti-government and Anti-business views are rarely expressed, and Hollywood gives us its share of who are enemies are both foreign and in this country. Most of the media gives the same messages of free enterprise, equality of opportunity, individualism, hard work, and consumerism. This ideology, taught through the mass media, is used by the elite to confuse, distract, and divide the lower classes. Marx argued that the class in power imposes its ideology on the entire society, and that false consciousness occurs when people in a class accept an ideology that is wayward to the best interest of that class. Marx argued that false consciousness will exist until the exploited stratum develops a thought of class consciousness, at which time the stratum will become a true social class and begin challenging the ruling class. C. The Functions of Social Stratification 1. The Davis-Moore thesis is the assertion that social stratification is a universal pattern because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society 2. This thesis implies that societies become more fat as they approach meritocracy a system of social stratification based on personal merit3. Criticisms of Davis-Moorea. It is toilsome to specify the functional importance of a given occupation Some are over/under rewarded (EX. Baseball player, entertainer vs. teacher, garbage collector) b. Davis-Moore ignores how social stratification can prevent the education of individual talents c. The theory excessively ignore how social inequality may promote conflict and revolution (instability)D. Stratification and Conflict 1. Karl guck Class and Conflicta. Marx saw classes as defined by peoples sexual relationship to the means of production Capitalists (bourgeoisie) are people who own factories and other productive business The proletariat are people who sell their productive labor to the capitalists b. Critical evaluat ion Marxs theory has been enormously influential His work has been criticized for failing to recognize that a system of unequal rewards may be necessary to motivate people to perform their social roles efficaciously 2. Three reasons suggested why Western Capitalism has not experienced a Marxist revolution a. The capitalist class has fragmented and grown in size, giving more people a stake in the system b. The proletariat has also changed Blue-collar occupations, lower prestige work involving mostly manual labor, have declined White-collar occupations, higher prestige work involving mostly mental activity, have expanded c. Workers are break organized than they were in Marxs day their unions have been able to fight for reform d. The government has extended various legal protections to doers e. Supporters of Marxist thought have responded Wealth remains highly concentrated White-collar jobs passing game no more income, security, satisfaction than blue-collar jobs did a century ago Class conflict continues betwixt workers and management The laws still favor the rich3. Max Weber identified three distinct dimensions of stratification Class, status, and power a. Max Weber argued that social standing consists (Of three parts or dimensions class, which he regarded as determined mainly by economic standing or wealth party, which was equivalent to political power and status, or social prestige and honor. b. Following Weber, many sociologists use the term socioeconomic status a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality education, occupation, income Socioeconomic status. Following Webers lead, contemporary sociologists often use the broader concept of socioeconomic status to refer to a persons ranking along several(prenominal) social dimensions, particularly education, occupational prestige, and income Education. Education can lead to income attainment, but the benefits are not equally shared by racial and ethnic minorities, or by wom en. Wealth consists of consists of the total amount of currency and valuable goods that a person or family controls It is more unequally distributed than income assets, such as real demesne and jewels, and income consists of occupational wages or salaries and earnings from investments Occupational Prestige Occupation serves as a describe source of social prestige since we commonly evaluate each other according to what we do Because thither are so many specific occupations, sociologists often categorize occupations into a smaller number skilled Professional, manager, and administrator Technical Clerical Blue-Collar Craft, precision production, and repair Operative Labor (excluding farm) Farm worker If this scheme is too unwieldy, sociologists often divide occupations into two categories white-collar and bluecollar. The pink collar is a household that reflects the segregation of women into certain occupations, such as kindergarten teachers and secretaries. High incomes u sually are associated with high-prestige occupations, but there are exceptions. Sociologists sometimes use the term prestige to mean the honor associated with an occupation or other position in the social system, and esteem to mean the honor that accrues to the individual filling the position. c. Critical evaluation Webers views have been widely accepted in the United States although hard economic times may lead to a renewed emphasis on the importance of economic classes E. Inequality in the United States US society is highly stratified, but many people underestimate the extent of structured inequality in US society Power is also unequally distributed Schooling Ancestry, race, and gender1. Sociologists usually conceptualize American society as consisting either of three or nine distinct social classes a. In the three-class model, society is split into a lower class, a middle class, and an upper berth classb. In the nine-class model, each of these classes is further divided into three subclasses lower-lower, middle-lower, lower-middle, middle-middle, etc. 2. Measurement of class. To measure social class standing, sociologists have developed three main methods a. the objective method ranks individuals into classes on the basis of measures such as education, income, and occupational prestige b. the reputational method places people into various social classes on the basis of reputation in the community class and c. Self- identification allows people to place themselves in a social class. c. The lower classes. The upper-lower class, also called the operative class, consists of service personnel, semiskilled operatives, and other blue-collar workers who do not earn enough to accumulate substantial savings. These people are penetrable to disruptions in their income. The lower-lower class is made up of people who lack education and live in the most dilapidated sections of the community and in substandard housing. The lower-lower class may be divided into two subgroups The working poor are lower-lower-class people who have jobs but who simply cannot earn an adequate income and The chronically poor are mostly unemployed or work only occasionally.4. Class, race, and gender. These three dimensions often interact to stimulate a persons place in society, the manner in which people are treated, and their self identify. F. The difference class makesa. Class and healthb. Class and valuesc. Class and politicsd. Class, family, and gender G. The Myth and the Reality of Mobility in the United States Amount of mobility. Sociologists frequently focus on the intergenerational mobility of individuals upward and downward movements in socioeconomic status measured between the standing of children compared to that of their parents.1. Myth versus realitya. Four general conclusions Social mobility, at least among men, has been high The long-term trend in social mobility has been upward Within a single generation, social mobility is usually incremental, N ot dramatic The short-term trend has been stagnation, with some income polarizationb. Mobility varies by income levelc. Mobility also varies by race, ethnicity, and gender1. Determinants of mobility Social Mobility The movement of persons and groups within the stratification system. a. Steepness of the socioeconomic pyramid that there are not enough high status jobs to satisfy everyone. b. Starting position on the socioeconomic ladder some people begin closer to the top than others. c. Structural mobility the movement of entire categories of people due to changes in society itself. d. Types of mobility Upward and downward Intragenerational social mobility is a change in social position occurring during a persons lifetime Intergenerational social mobility is upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents 2. Social stratification can be determined by a number of variables, each of which can cause someone to be advantaged or disadvantaged compared to others in society. a. It is not necessarily the impact of any one variable in U.S. society that leads to stratification it is a unique combination of stratification-related factors that determines how one succeeds in society. b. Some of these traits are within our control, others we have little control over (ascribed vs. achieved) Who can tell me which is which? major(ip) ascribed social stratifiers race, sex, and age Major achieved social stratifiers (education, income, occupation, religion, etc.) SOCIAL stratification is the main reason for relational set of inequalities in economic, social, political and ideological dimensions. It is a system whereby people rank and evaluate each other. On the basis of such evaluation, one is rewarded with more wealth, authority, power and prestige. It is broadly organised into three parts upper class, middle class and lower class on the basis of power and wealth. This has resulted in the creation of a number of levels within our society.Social strat ification causes social disparity and many problems as it is an unjust system with monopoly of power and wealth in a particular group. It affects life chances, lifestyles and prestige. It creates emotional stress and depression for the people belonging to lower social stratum as they have unequal access to wealth, power and prestige. It creates a huge gulf between the people in terms of their incomes and a range of measures associated with social position, education, health, and psychological well-being. It is distinctly perceived that disparity causes chaos in society. These are the stumbling blocks in the way to progress and development of the country.